Which of the following conditions are CF patients at risk of developing?

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at significant risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis due to several factors related to the disease and its management. The abnormality of the CFTR gene leads to malabsorption of essential nutrients, including calcium and vitamin D, which are critical for bone health. Patients often experience poor nutrition and chronic inflammation, which can further contribute to decreased bone density. Additionally, long-term use of corticosteroids, which may be prescribed to manage pulmonary complications of CF, can also increase the risk of bone density loss.

These elements collectively predispose individuals with CF to osteopenia, characterized by lower than normal bone density, and osteoporosis, which is a more severe loss of bone mass increasing fracture risk. Regular monitoring of bone health and nutritional status plays a vital role in the management of CF to help mitigate these risks.